Photon Interactions with External Gravitational Fields: True Cause of Gravitational Lensing.

The first revision of the manuscript enhances clarity by incorporating a visual representation of gravitational field lensing, which distinguishes between spacetime curvature and external gravitational field influences. It expands on photon energy interactions by differentiating between inherent photon energy and gravitational interaction energy, clarifying how these energies symmetrically change during gravitational interactions. The manuscript emphasizes that gravitational lensing is driven by photon interactions with external gravitational fields, not spacetime curvature alone, aligning with quantum mechanical models. Additional definitions, key equations, and alternative theories, such as flat spacetime models and quantum gravity, are introduced, offering a more comprehensive framework for understanding photon dynamics in gravitational fields.